Water {fresh water} is where rainfall is plentiful or snow accumulates. People require five gallons of fresh water a day. In USA, people use 60 gallons per person per day.
Rainfall can be small for long period {drought}|.
Field can receive water from source {irrigation}|. Irrigation by dribbling has less evaporation than spraying or flooding.
enclosed water area {basin}|.
flooded or irrigated rice field {paddy}.
large flat iceberg {floe}|.
large floating ice blocks {pack ice}|, from ice field.
wetland {marsh}|.
river or lake marsh {bayou}|.
marsh {bog}|.
bog or marsh {fen}|.
In England, tides cause marshes {wash}|. Southwest USA has dry stream beds.
Streams and rivers {river, water} receive water directly from rain and indirectly from water runoff from land. Streams are usually wider than they are deep, and erosion sediments can fill them within years. Stream first erodes into valley. Then tributaries enter valley and join first stream. Then valley sides wear down to make wide valley or wear back to make deep valley.
Undertows pull sediment from rivers out to sea. River mouths have sediment triangles {delta}|. Mississippi River makes 600,000,000 tons each year. In sea, corals use minerals, or minerals precipitate out, as at Hudson-River mouth and in Baltic Sea.
circular river current {eddy}|.
shallow river area {ford}|, where people or horses can cross.
Stream can enter salt water, or stream can have sudden flow {freshet}|.
river beginning {headwaters}|.
Rivers curve many times {meander}| if banks are soft, because river cuts away outer bank, deposits soil on inner bank, and widens all curves. Rivers run straight and cut through rock if banks are hard, to make canyons.
rivulet {rill}|.
stream {rivulet}|.
Rivers {tributary}| can flow into larger river.
In stream, hard rock plate {falls}| can persist after lower rock has eroded.
waterfall series {cascade}|.
big waterfall {cataract, water}|.
Stream or river shallow parts can have rocks resistant to erosion, where water flows faster {rapids}|.
rapids {white water}|.
water {spring, water}| burbling from ground.
Warm water from Earth interior can make hot water spouts {geyser}| that erupt several times a day.
hot spring {thermal spring}|.
Warm water {warm springs}| can come from underground.
Groundwater can dissolve carbon dioxide to make carbonic acid, which can dissolve rock {cave}|.
Landscapes {karst} can have caves and sinkholes.
Carbonic acid can dissolve limestone to make holes {sinkhole}| and collapsed ground in flat areas.
In cave, dripping water can dry and precipitate carbonates, to make up-pointing structures {stalactite}|.
In cave, dripping water can dry and precipitate carbonates, to make down-pointing structures {stalagmite}|.
Distillation or freezing can remove seawater salt {desalination}|. If water has low salt, reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, or ion exchange can remove salt.
High pressure can force water through membrane that retains salts {reverse osmosis}|, making purer water come out. If water has low salt, reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, or ion exchange can remove salt.
Porous and permeable rock {aquifer}| can hold water.
Wells {artesian well}| can reach water table.
Soil and rock water {groundwater}| depends on precipitation, evaporation, rock porosity, and soil permeability.
Water-saturated-rock upper-surface level {water table}| is same as nearby lake and pond surface level.
Soil water permeability and movement {infiltration}| is most for sand, middle for loam, and least for clay.
Water infiltration is most for sand, middle for loam, and least for clay {permeability, soil}|.
Below soil, rainwater goes into rock-crystal open spaces {porosity}|, down to 100,000 feet.
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Description of Outline of Knowledge Database
Date Modified: 2022.0225